U.S. lawmakers are intensifying scrutiny of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as mpox cases resurge across the country, accusing the agency of a sluggish response that echoes early missteps in the COVID-19 pandemic. At a House hearing on Thursday, bipartisan criticism centered on delayed vaccine distribution and insufficient public communication.
Lawmakers Question NIH's Preparedness
Representative Anna Eshoo (D-CA) pressed NIH Director Dr. Monica Bertagnolli on why the agency had not acted faster to distribute the Jynneos vaccine, which is effective against mpox. “We are seeing a 40% increase in cases over the past month, yet many high-risk communities still lack access to vaccines,” Eshoo said. Dr. Bertagnolli acknowledged the rise but defended the NIH's efforts, citing ongoing studies on vaccine efficacy and antiviral treatments.
Republican Representative Michael Burgess (R-TX) criticized the lack of a unified public health campaign, comparing it to the fragmented messaging during COVID-19. “The American people deserve clear, consistent guidance,” he said. “Instead, we have confusion.”
Case Numbers and At-Risk Populations
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the United States has reported over 3,200 mpox cases since January 2026, a sharp increase from the 1,800 cases in the same period in 2025. The majority of cases are among men who have sex with men, but health officials warn that the virus could spread to broader populations if unchecked. Dr. Bertagnolli noted that the NIH is prioritizing research on transmission patterns and vaccine effectiveness in immunocompromised individuals.
Vaccine Distribution Challenges
The hearing highlighted persistent inequities in vaccine access. Data presented by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) showed that only 60% of the 1.5 million doses allocated to states have been administered, with rural areas and minority communities falling behind. “We cannot afford a two-tiered response,” said Representative Robin Kelly (D-IL). “Every American deserves equal protection.” The NIH pledged to work with state health departments to improve distribution, but lawmakers demanded a concrete timeline.
Funding and Future Preparedness
Questions also arose about funding. The NIH requested an additional $500 million for mpox research and response, but some lawmakers expressed reluctance without clear accountability measures. “We need to ensure that taxpayer dollars are spent effectively,” said Representative Tom Cole (R-OK). Dr. Bertagnolli assured the committee that the funds would be used for vaccine development, surveillance, and global coordination.
The hearing concluded with a bipartisan call for regular updates and a comprehensive strategy to prevent further spread. The NIH is expected to provide a detailed action plan within 30 days.
