Investors cheered when Venezuela opened its vast mineral reserves to private capital in April, but gang control over many mines could prove a powerful obstacle. The South American country, undergoing a profound transformation after the US overthrow of leftist strongman Nicolas Maduro in January, has the world's largest proven oil reserves. However, it is also rich in gold, diamonds, bauxite, coltan—a mineral essential for technology and defense classified as critical by Western powers—and rare earths.
Mining Arc and Gang Dominance
Mining activity is concentrated in a vast area spanning 112,000 square kilometers (43,000 square miles) in the east known as the Orinoco Mining Arc, with additional mines in southern Amazonas and Bolivar states. Lisseth Boon, author of Oro malandro (Bandit Gold), calls the gold mined in Venezuela 'blood gold,' an allusion to the 'blood diamonds' found in African conflict zones. Nearly all Venezuelan mining activity is controlled by gangs or guerrillas from neighboring Colombia, who call themselves 'sindicatos' (syndicates) and impose a regime of fear.
'The syndicates control everything, it's complicated,' a woman living in one gang-controlled area told AFP on condition of anonymity.
Syndicates as Judge and Jury
Security experts say the 'sindicatos' amass large amounts of money by extorting residents and workers. In some areas, they act as the law, arbitrating disputes between neighbors and doling out punishment beatings, or even torturing alleged perpetrators of crimes including rape and murder. Yet some residents of El Dorado, a gold mining town in the heart of the Mining Arc, appreciate their presence. One inhabitant told AFP: 'Before, if you found a big gold nugget, other miners could kill you for it... Now everyone refrains from doing bad things.'
El Dorado is controlled by a gangster known only by his first name, Fabio, a Pablo Escobar-type character who has ingratiated himself with locals through acts of charity. 'When someone is sick he signs a piece of paper and the person goes to the pharmacy and gets everything they need. He buys medicine for hospitals, renovates football grounds, has roads paved, and buys food for residents and teachers,' the resident said. He added that the syndicates 'know not to touch (foreign) mining companies' and instead extract and smuggle their own gold through Brazil and Colombia, as do artisanal miners, who account for a large chunk of mining activity.
Corruption and Control
A 2025 report by the Venezuelan chapter of Transparency International estimated that armed groups 'linked to the authorities' control 20 percent of Venezuela's annual gold production. It estimated that 66 percent of the around $5.5 billion generated by mining each year was controlled by political elites working in cahoots with organized crime through murky public-private 'strategic alliances.' 'We don't know the criteria used (by the state) to select partners, their obligations, the duration of the agreements, level of production, the contracts, nor the amount of minerals,' Transparency International said. It noted that in the past 10 years, gold production has increased but the state's gold revenues have not.
Chavez-Era Vacuum
Gangs started taking control of Venezuela's mines after late socialist firebrand Hugo Chavez suspended all foreign mining concessions in 2011, Boon said. 'There was a vacuum. That's when the syndicates began to force their way in.' The battle for control of mining revenues has claimed dozens of lives in the past decade. In one of the worst single incidents, 17 miners were shot dead and their bodies buried in a mass grave in the eastern town of Tumeremo in 2016. Isolated murders are also common.
Boon accused the state of being complicit in the lawlessness. 'A criminal system of governance was installed... with tacit accords between the syndicates and the state,' she said. The Insight Crime think tank, which investigates organized crime in the Americas, has also warned of the syndicates' 'deep control.' It gave the example of the Las Claritas syndicate in Bolivar state, which it accused of levying a 'tax' on mining activities and shaking down miners and traders for protection money, dubbed 'vacunas' (vaccines). Boon accused the gangs of keeping local populations in a state of 'modern-day slavery' and said strong political will would be required to dislodge them.
